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Bone Mineral Density in Sclerosteosis; Affected Individuals and Gene Carriers

Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (J.C.G., P.B., B.M.), Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Flora Clinic (H.H.), Roodepoort, Gauteng 1709, South Africa; and Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (R.L.v.B., N.A.T.H., C.W.G.M.L., S.E.P.) and Molecular Cell Biology (R.L.v.B.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Dr. Socrates E. Papapoulos, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: m.v.iken{at}lumc.nl.

Background: Sclerosteosis is an autosomal recessive sclerosing bone disorder due to deficiency of sclerostin, a protein secreted by the osteocytes that inhibits bone formation. In the present study we assessed the effect of variable expression of the genetic defect on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients and carriers of the determinant gene.

Methods: We studied 25 individuals (seven patients and 18 phenotypically normal heterozygotes). BMD was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine, total hip, and distal forearm, and lateral radiographs of the skull were obtained.

Results: Individuals with sclerosteosis had markedly increased BMD at all skeletal sites (Z-score ranges: lumbar spine, +7.73 to +14.43; total hip, +7.84 to +11.51; forearm, +4.44 to +9.53). In heterozygotes, BMD was above the mean value of healthy age-matched individuals at all skeletal sites and had a wide range of normal and clearly increased values. Skull radiographs showed the typical hyperostotic changes in affected individuals and mild or no changes in heterozygotes.

Conclusions: Heterozygous carriers of sclerosteosis have BMD values consistently higher than the mean of healthy subjects without any of the bone complications encountered in homozygotes. This finding suggests that the production and/or activity of sclerostin can be titrated in vivo, leading to variable increases in bone mass without any unwanted skeletal effects, a hypothesis of obvious significance for the development of new therapeutics for osteoporosis.

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