help button home button Endocrine Society JCEM
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a related Letter to the Editor
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Imani, B.
Right arrow Articles by Fauser, B. C. J. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Imani, B.
Right arrow Articles by Fauser, B. C. J. M.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 83, No. 7 2361-2365
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society

Original Studies

Predictors of Patients Remaining Anovulatory during Clomiphene Citrate Induction of Ovulation in Normogonadotropic Oligoamenorrheic Infertility1

Babek Imani, Marinus J. C. Eijkemans, Egbert R. te Velde, J. Dik F. Habbema and Bart C. J. M. Fauser

Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (B.I., B.C.J.M.F.), and Department of Public Health (M.J.C.E., J.D.F.H.), Center for Clinical Decision Sciences, University Hospital and Erasmus University, Rotterdam; and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Utrecht (E.R.t.V.), Utrecht, The Netherlands

Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Prof. B. C. J. M. Fauser, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dijkzigt Academic Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail: fauser{at}gyna.azr.nl


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Subjects and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The diagnostic criteria used to identify patients suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome remain controversial. The present prospective longitudinal follow-up study was designed to identify whether certain criteria assessed during standardized initial screening could predict the response to ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate (CC) in 201 patients presenting with oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea and infertility. Serum FSH levels were within the normal range (1–10 IU/L), and all patients underwent spontaneous or progestin-induced withdrawal bleeding. Initial CC doses were 50 mg daily for 5 days starting on cycle day 3. In the case of an absent response, doses were increased to 100 and 150 mg daily in subsequent cycles. First ovulation with CC was used as the end point. After a complete follow-up (in the case of a nonresponse, at least 3 treatment cycles with daily CC doses up to 150 mg), 156 patients (78%) ovulated. The free androgen index (FAI = testosterone/sex hormone-binding globulin ratio), body mass index (BMI), cycle history (oligomenorrhea vs. amenorrhea), serum androgen (testosterone and/or androstenedione) levels, and mean ovarian volume assessed by transvaginal sonography were all significantly different (P < 0.01) in responders from those in nonresponders. FAI was chosen to be the best predictor in univariate analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve in a multivariate prediction model including FAI, BMI, cycle history, and mean ovarian volume was 0.82.

Patients whose ovaries are less likely to respond to stimulation by FSH due to CC treatment can be predicted on the basis of initial screening characteristics, such as FAI, BMI, cycle history (oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea), and mean ovarian volume. These observations may add to ongoing discussion regarding etiological factors involved in ovarian dysfunction in these patients and classification of normogonadotropic anovulatory infertile women.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Subjects and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
CHRONIC anovulation is a frequent cause of infertility, and approximately 80% of these patients present with serum FSH and estradiol levels within the normal range (WHO group 2) (1). The antiestrogen clomiphene citrate (CC) is considered to be a successful treatment strategy in these patients. It has been documented that approximately 70–80% of these women will become ovulatory (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), whereas 40–50% of ovulatory women will conceive (3, 5).

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), usually referred to as chronic hyperandrogenic anovulation, represents a distinct proportion of WHO group 2 anovulatory patients. It is uncertain to what extent PCOS patients are particularly prone to remain resistant to CC medication (8, 9). Discussion continues regarding the validity of criteria used to diagnose PCOS (10) as well as its relevance for clinical practice. We have previously demonstrated that a distinct overlap exists between endocrine and ultrasound features used by various researchers (11). If strict criteria are used for PCOS diagnosis, a large heterogeneous group of normoestrogenic patients will remain unclassified.

Thirty-five years after its first clinical introduction (12), CC still remains the first line treatment strategy in normogonadotropic anovulatory patients. Although rising serum FSH levels due to CC interference with estrogen negative feedback may be held responsible for stimulating follicle growth (13, 14, 15), other mechanisms of action have also been proposed (9, 16). A significant proportion of treated women, however, do not respond. The aim of this study was to investigate whether clinical, endocrine, and sonographic characteristics during initial screening of normogonadotropic anovulatory infertile women may predict the ovarian response to CC medication. This approach may help to define conditions that prevent the ovary from responding to stimulation by increased FSH levels and to further classify WHO group 2 anovulatory patients.


   Subjects and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Subjects and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Subjects and study design

Approval for this study was obtained from the human subject committee of the Dijkzigt Hospital/Erasmus University. Between February 1993 and September 1996, 201 patients presenting with oligomenorrhea (interval between vaginal bleeding >35 days and <6 months) or amenorrhea (bleeding interval >6 months) and infertility were recruited. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. All subjects were referred directly by their general practitioner to our infertility unit. None had received previous ovulation induction medication. Additional inclusion criteria were serum FSH levels within normal limits (1–10 IU/L) (1, 17), spontaneous menses or a positive bleeding response to progestagen withdrawal, normal serum PRL and THS levels, body mass index (BMI; weight divided by the square of the patients height) more than 18, and age less than 40 yr.

Clinical, endocrine, and sonographic screening was carried out before initiation of CC therapy. Clinical screening included infertility and cycle history, BMI, previous medication, and/or surgery. Endocrine screening included serum assays of FSH, PRL, TSH, LH, estradiol, androstenedione (AD), testosterone (T), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Fasting blood samples were taken randomly between 0800–1000 h before the initiation of therapy. Venous blood samples were centrifuged within 2 h after withdrawal and were stored at -20 C until assayed. Transvaginal sonographic screening included assessment of the ovarian stroma echogenicity (arbitrarily classified from 1–3), ovarian volume (milliliters), and total number of follicles (both ovaries), as described previously (11, 18). Serum LH and FSH levels were measured by immunoradiometric assay (Medgenix, Fleurus, Belgium), and T, AD, SHBG, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were determined using RIA kits (Diagnostic Products Corp., Los Angeles, CA), as described previously (19, 20).

The treatment schedule and assessment of ovarian response were as follows. CC medication was initiated on day 3 after spontaneous or progestagen-induced withdrawal bleeding. The starting dose was 50 mg/day, orally, for 5 subsequent days. In the case of an absent response, daily doses were increased by 50 mg in the next cycle to a maximum dose of 150 mg/day in the following cycle. If ovulation occurred, the dose remained unaltered during subsequent cycles. First ovulation was used as the end point. The duration of follow-up for all patients included in the study was at least three treatment cycles. Ovulation was assessed by midluteal serum progesterone measurement (levels >25 nmol/L indicating ovulation) combined with transvaginal sonographic monitoring of follicle growth until the appearance of a preovulatory follicle (mean diameter, >=18 mm) and subsequent follicle rupture, or by biphasic basal body temperature charts. Responders were defined as patients who ovulated during CC therapy, independent of the dose administered. The number of treatment cycles and the CC dose in which first ovulation occurred were recorded. Clomiphene-resistant anovulation (CRA) was defined as patients who do not ovulate despite receiving maximum treatment doses of 150 mg/day.

Data analysis

Distribution of characteristics in patient groups is presented as the mean ± SD. We used the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon rank sum W test for exploratory comparison of initial parameters between responders and nonresponders. The univariate and multivariate relation with response to CC was assessed using logistic regression analysis. The following parameters were used in the analysis: BMI, free androgen index (FAI; T x 100/SHBG), serum T and/or AD concentrations, serum LH levels, cycle history (oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea), cycle duration in case of oligomenorrhea, mean ovarian volume, and follicle number. Backward stepwise elimination was used for the multivariate logistic analysis of prediction of patients being CRA, and P <= 0.10 was used as a cut-off level for elimination of nonsignificant predictors from the prognostic model. The area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) was used to assess the discriminative ability of the logistic models. The AUC gives the proportion of all pairs of patients (each pair consisting of one patient without and the other patient with a response to CC) in which the model predicts a higher probability of no response for the patient without response. The Statistical Analysis System program (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was employed for data analysis.

Because selection and estimation were performed for 8 potential predictors on a dataset with only 45 events (CRAs), correction for overfitting was performed (21). The internal validity of the prognostic model was tested by a bootstrapping method in which the selection and estimation process was repeated 200 times. Each of these repetitions consisted of creating a new dataset (bootstrap sample) by drawing cases with replacement from the original data. The backward stepwise elimination process was performed on this dataset, yielding a set of selected predictors and parameter estimates (21, 22). Resulting model estimates of each bootstrap sample were evaluated on the original data, and a shrinkage factor was estimated to correct for statistical overoptimism. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test (23) has been used to check for lack of fit of the final model. The logistic coefficients that were corrected by the shrinkage factor have been translated into an easy to use score chart. The scores were calculated by multiplying the shrunk coefficients by 10 and rounding them off to the nearest whole number.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Subjects and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
The number of patients who did or did not ovulate after CC medication in increasing doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg daily are depicted in Fig. 1Go. Forty-five patients (22.5% of the overall study group) remaining anovulatory were considered having CRA. A total of 432 cycles were analyzed.



View larger version (29K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 1. Distribution of normogonadotropic oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic infertile women who do or do not ovulate after CC induction of ovulation in incremental daily doses of 50, 100, or 150 mg for 5 subsequent days. A total of 45 women (22.5% of the overall study group) remain anovulatory.

 
From the total study group of 201 women, 91 (46%) were considered obese (BMI >26), 101 patients (50%) presented with an elevated FAI (>4.5), 85 patients (42%) presented with hyperandrogenemia (T >=3.2 nmol/L and/or AD >=16.3 nmol/L) (11, 19), and in 125 patients (66%) polycystic ovaries (mean ovarian volume >=10.8 mL and/or mean follicle number per ovary >=10) (11, 18) were diagnosed. Finally, 105 patients (54%) presented with elevated LH (>=7.0 IU/L) serum levels (11, 19).

In Table 1Go, clinical, endocrine, and ultrasound characteristics are presented for the overall study group and separately for patients who did or did not ovulate after CC medication. Forty-four percent of patients presenting with amenorrhea (17 of 39) were considered to have CRA, whereas only 17% (28 of 162) of patients with oligomenorrhea showed no response. Statistical significance in univariate analysis with logistic regression analyses and ROC AUC of the initial parameters are depicted in Table 2Go. The AUCs for FAI and BMI were the highest (0.76 and 0.70, respectively). The ROC curve with the best performance (FAI) and that with the poorest performance (serum LH) are shown in Fig. 2Go.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1. Clinical, endocrine, and ultrasound characteristics (mean ± SD) during initial screening of 201 normogonadotropic oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic infertile women, and separated for patients who do (responders) or do not ovulate (CRA) after CC induction of ovulation

 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 2. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses with score test and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of initial clinical, endocrine, and sonographic screening parameters in 201 normogonadotropic oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic infertile women for the prediction of patients remaining anovulatory after CC induction of ovulation

 


View larger version (23K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 2. ROC curve of serum LH concentration, FAI, or the prediction model (FAI, BMI, cycle history, and mean ovarian volume combined) for predicting CRA in a total group of 201 normogonadotropic oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic infertile women.

 
Of the 201 patients, 187 had complete data on the variables used in the multivariate analysis. Using the backward elimination procedure, 4 variables were selected in the final model: 1) FAI, 2) BMI, 3) cycle history (oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea), and 4) mean ovarian volume. By using the combined information of these 4 variables, the AUC further improved to 0.82 (Table 2Go and Fig. 2Go). The bootstrap procedure revealed that these 4 predictors were selected in over two thirds of the bootstrap samples, whereas all other candidate variables were selected in less than half of the samples, which illustrates the stability of the final model. The shrinkage factor was estimated from the bootstrap procedure to be 0.82, indicating that when this study is replicated many times, the resulting coefficients of the final multivariate model are, on the average, 18% smaller. This was incorporated in the calculation of the scores. The scores for different parameters are depicted in Table 3Go, and resulting probability scores for patients remaining anovulatory after CC medication are shown in Fig. 3Go. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test showed no lack of fit of the final model to the data (P = 0.3).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 3. Score charts of four initial screening parameters of the final model for prediction of patients remaining anovulatory after CC induction of ovulation in normogonadotropic oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic infertile women (total scores, 0–53)

 


View larger version (25K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 3. Score chart and the probability for a given woman to remain anovulatory after CC induction of ovulation.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Subjects and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
It may be helpful for further classification of normogonadotropic anovulatory infertility and for evaluating pathophysiological factors involved in ovarian abnormalities in these patients to study in a longitudinal fashion whether initial screening parameters may predict success, failure, or complications of induction of ovulation. The present study was designed to investigate as a first step whether ovarian response after CC medication could be predicted. It is established in the literature that approximately 75% of patients will ovulate, and less than 50% of the total population will conceive after CC as first line medication. If patients remaining anovulatory despite CC therapy could be identified beforehand, ineffective and time-consuming CC treatment could be prevented. This may be helpful, particularly for women of advanced reproductive age. Further studies, however, are required to investigate whether alternative primary treatment options are cost effective. Moreover, etiological factors involved in ovarian dysfunction could be identified in this heterogeneous patient group, as subjects whose ovaries will or will not respond to increased FSH stimulation may be differentiated.

For this first analysis of response to CC medication we decided to focus on ovulation rather than conception. Ovulation is biologically relevant and most closely connected to the desired effects of CC medication. Analysis of conception as the end point requires a comprehensive study of other potential confounders, such as tubal factor, sperm factor, and endometrial function. Four initial screening parameters (FAI, BMI, mean ovarian volume, and cycle history) could be identified, predicting patients remaining anovulatory after CC medication. A combination of these parameters showed good predictive power, with a ROC AUC of 0.82. Several studies have been published recently regarding the use of a similar multivariate model for predicting chances for conception in infertile patients with regular cycles (24, 25, 26). Various researchers have investigated the predictive value of clinical and endocrine screening parameters for the response to CC. Only a positive correlation between body weight and the dose of CC required to induce ovulation has been established (8, 27). A recent study has indicated that increased BMI is the only initial parameter that is significantly different between responders and nonresponders (28). To our knowledge this is the first time a multivariate prediction model has been applied in the treatment of anovulatory infertility. We could demonstrate that patients suffering from amenorrhea, obesity, increased ovarian volume, and elevated androgen levels (a complex of signs, symptoms, and ultrasound and endocrine findings frequently referred to as PCOS) are most likely to remain anovulatory after CC induction of ovulation. A model can be used to predict chances for an individual patient to remain anovulatory by calculating a total score on the basis of these initial screening characteristics. Further studies should validate the prediction model in a new group of patients. The present study also suggests that LH concentrations do not predict ovarian response after CC medication in accordance with recent observations by others (28). These data oppose the concept that elevated LH is implemented in ovarian dysfunction in these patients (29). However, the assessment of LH levels in anovulatory patients is problematic due to effects of timing, the immunoassays used, and the pulsatile nature of LH release (30).

Together, these observations suggest that obese hyperandrogenic women are less likely to respond to increased stimulation by FSH, suggesting that these factors are instrumental in follicle maturation arrest (31) and an increased FSH threshold (6). The correlation between BMI and ovarian response after CC treatment suggests that much emphasis should be focused on weight reduction. However, it should be realized that scientific proof for this approach is lacking, and that weight reduction may not necessarily result in normal response. Previous work from our group demonstrated indeed that long term androgen medication in female to male transsexuals induces polycystic ovary morphology, characterized by increased ovarian size, augmented follicle number, and stroma hyperplasia (32). Assessment of steroid levels in follicle fluid obtained from polycystic ovaries suggested that disturbed dominant follicle selection in hyperandrogenic patients may result from disrupted enhancement of FSH-induced aromatase activity (33). This could be due to intraovarian dysregulation of FSH action, which precludes a normal response (i.e. follicle growth and ovulation) after incremental FSH levels elicited by CC medication. Factors involved may include locally produced growth factors or insulin resistance (34, 35). Alternative explanations for a nonresponse after CC may include 1) an abnormal hypothalamic/pituitary response to steroid feedback resulting in an insufficient rise in FSH after CC, 2) individual differences in the FSH isohormone profile resulting in discrepancies in bioactive FSH concentrations despite similar immunoreactive FSH levels, 3) additional, as yet unidentified, mechanisms responsible for at least part of CC actions. Recently reported CC-induced changes in the insulin-like growth factor system (16) may be relevant in this regard. It may be speculated that improved insight into any of these factors (intraovarian dysregulation (36), hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction (37), FSH heterogeneity (38), or the insulin-like growth factor system (34)) may eventually result in additional predictors of the CC response. Further studies focusing on insulin resistance may also be of interest, as recent reports suggest that ovarian dysfunction may improve after the use of insulin-sensitizing agents (39). Preliminary observations (Imani, B. and Fauser, B. C. J. M., unpublished observations) suggest that fasting insulin levels are increased in CRA patients. It requires further study to clarify whether insulin resistance is a determining factor in an abnormal response to FSH independent from androgen concentrations, as the majority of studies propose that insulin resistance is associated with PCOS through increased thecal cell androgen production (35).

In conclusion, this study demonstrates that it is possible to predict patients remaining anovulatory during CC induction of ovulation using criteria that are directly associated with PCOS, predominantly obesity and hyperandrogenemia. Further studies should establish whether the occurrence of pregnancies after CC medication can also be predicted and whether similar factors are involved. The identification of initial characteristics that predict the ovarian response to ovulation induction therapy may help to further classify the heterogeneous group of normogonadotropic anovulatory infertile women. The present study suggests that hyperandrogenemia and obesity are crucial in inducing ovarian abnormalities that are less likely to respond to increased stimulation by FSH.


   Footnotes
 
1 This work was supported by the Stichting Voortplantingsgeneeskunde Rotterdam and a research grant from Ferring Nederland. Back

Received December 16, 1997.

Revised March 13, 1998.

Accepted March 30, 1998.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Subjects and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. WHO. 1993 WHO manual for the standardized investigation and diagnosis of the infertile couple. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  2. MacGregor AH, Johnson JE, Bunde CA. 1968 Further clinical experience with clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril. 19:616–622.[Medline]
  3. Gorlitsky GA, Kase NG, Speroff L. 1978 Ovulation and pregnancy rates with clomiphene citrate. Obstet Gynecol. 51:265–269.[Medline]
  4. Shepard MK, Balmaceda JP, Leija CG. 1979 Relationship of weight to successful induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril. 32:641–645.[Medline]
  5. Hammond MG, Halme JK, Talbert LM. 1983 Factors affecting the pregnancy rate in clomiphene citrate induction of ovulation. Obstet Gynecol. 62:196–202.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Polson DW, Kiddy DS, Mason HD, Franks S. 1989 Induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: the difference between responders and nonresponders. Fertil Steril. 51:30–34.[Medline]
  7. Opsahl MS, Robins ED, O’Connor DM, Scott RT, Fritz MA. 1996 Characteristics of gonadotropin response, follicular development, and endometrial growth and maturation across consecutive cycles of clomiphene citrate treatment. Fertil Steril. 66:533–539.[Medline]
  8. Lobo RA, Gysler M, March CM, Goebelsmann U, Mishell Jr DR. 1982 Clinical and laboratory predictors of clomiphene response. Fertil Steril. 37:168–174.[Medline]
  9. Adashi EY. 1996 Ovulation induction: clomiphene citrate. In: Adashi EY, Rock JA, Rosenwaks Z, eds. Reproductive endocrinology, surgery, and technology. Philadelphia: Lippencott-Raven. 1182–1206.
  10. Franks S. 1995 Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 333:853–861.[Free Full Text]
  11. van Santbrink EJ, Hop WC, Fauser BC. 1997 Classification of normogonadotropic infertility: polycystic ovaries diagnosed by ultrasound vs. endocrine characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 67:452–458.[CrossRef][Medline]
  12. Greenblatt RB, Barfield WE, Jungck EC, Ray AW. 1961 Induction of ovulation with MRL/41. JAMA. 178:127–130.
  13. Jacobson A, Marshall JR, Ross GT, Cargille CM. 1968 Plasma gonadotropins during clomiphene induced ovulatory cycles. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 102:284–290.[Medline]
  14. Miyake A, Tasaka K, Sakumoto T, Kawamura Y, Nagahara Y, Aono T. 1983 Clomiphene citrate induces luteinizing hormone release through hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in vitro. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 103:289–292.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Kerin JF, Liu JH, Phillipou G, Yen SS. 1985 Evidence for a hypothalamic site of action of clomiphene citrate in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 61:265–268.[Abstract]
  16. Butzow TL, Kettel LM, Yen SS. 1995 Clomiphene citrate reduces serum insulin-like growth factor I and increases sex hormone-binding globulin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 63:1200–1203.[Medline]
  17. van Santbrink EJ, Hop WC, van Dessel TJ, de Jong FH, Fauser BC. 1995 Decremental follicle-stimulating hormone and dominant follicle development during the normal menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril. 64:37–43.[Medline]
  18. Pache TD, Wladimiroff JW, Hop WC, Fauser BC. 1992 How to discriminate between normal and polycystic ovaries: transvaginal US study. Radiology. 183:421–423.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Fauser BC, Pache TD, Lamberts SW, Hop WC, de Jong FH, Dahl KD. 1991 Serum bioactive and immunoreactive luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in women with cycle abnormalities, with or without polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 73:811–817.[Abstract]
  20. van Dessel HJ, Schoot BC, Schipper I, Dahl KD, Fauser BC. 1996 Circulating immunoreactive and bioactive follicle stimulating hormone concentrations in anovulatory infertile women and during gonadotrophin induction of ovulation using a decremental dose regimen. Hum Reprod. 11:478–485.
  21. Harrell Jr FE, Lee KL, Mark DB. 1996 Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat Med. 15:361–387.[CrossRef][Medline]
  22. Van Houwelingen JC, Le Cessie S. 1990 Predictive value of statistical models. Stat Med. 9:1303–1325.[Medline]
  23. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. 1989 Applied logistic regression. New York: Wiley and Sons.
  24. Eimers JM, te Velde ER, Gerritse R, et al. 1994 The prediction of the chance to conceive in subfertile couples. Fertil Steril. 61:44–52.[Medline]
  25. Collins JA, Burrows EA, Wilan AR. 1995 The prognosis for live birth among untreated infertile couples. Fertil Steril. 64:22–28.[Medline]
  26. Snick HK, Snick TS, Evers JL, Collins JA. 1997 The spontaneous pregnancy prognosis in untreated subfertile couples: the Walcheren primary care study. Hum Reprod. 12:1582–1588.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  27. Shoham Z, Borenstein R, Lunenfeld B, Pariente C. 1990 Hormonal profiles following clomiphene citrate therapy in conception and nonconception cycles. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 33:271–278.[Medline]
  28. Kousta E, White DM, Franks S. 1997 Modern use of clomiphene citrate in induction of ovulation. Hum Reprod Update. 3:359–365.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  29. Yen SS. 1980 The polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 12:177–207.[Medline]
  30. Fauser BC, de Jong FH. 1993 Gonadotropins in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci. 687:150–161.[CrossRef][Medline]
  31. Franks S., H. Mason, D. Willis. 1998 Disorders of folliculogenesis in polycystic ovary syndrome. In: Filicori M, Flamigni C, eds. Ovulation induction update ’98. New York: Parthenon; 37–40.
  32. Pache TD, Chadha S, Gooren LJ, et al. 1991 Ovarian morphology in long-term androgen-treated female to male transsexuals. A human model for the study of polycystic ovarian syndrome? Histopathology. 19:445–452.[Medline]
  33. Pache TD, Hop WC, de Jong FH, et al. 1992 17ß-Oestradiol, androstenedione and inhibin levels in fluid from individual follicles of normal and polycystic ovaries, and in ovaries from androgen treated female to male transsexuals. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 36:565–571.[Medline]
  34. Giudice LC. 1992 Insuline-like growth factors and ovarian follicular development. Endocr Rev. 13:641–669.[CrossRef][Medline]
  35. Nestler JE. 1997 Role of hyperinsulinemia in the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome and its clinical implications. Semin Reprod Endocrinol. 15:111–122.[Medline]
  36. Fauser BC, Van Heusden AM. 1997 Manipulation of human ovarian function: physiological concepts and clinical consequences. Endocr Rev. 18:71–106.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  37. Berga SL, Daniels TL. 1997 Can polycystic ovary syndrome exist without concomitant hypothalamic dysfunction? Semin Reprod Endocrinol. 15:169–175.[Medline]
  38. Ulloa-Aguirre A, Midgley Jr AR, Beitins IZ, Padmanabhan V. 1995 Follicle-stimulating isohormones: characterization and physiological relevance. Endocr Rev. 16:765–787.[CrossRef][Medline]
  39. Sattar N, Hopkinson Z, Greer I. 1998 Insulin-sensitising agents in polycystic-ovary syndrome. Lancet. 351:305–307.[CrossRef][Medline]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
A. Nyboe Andersen, A. Balen, P. Platteau, P. Devroey, L. Helmgaard, J.-C. Arce, and for the Bravelle Ovulation Induction (BOI) Study G
Predicting the FSH threshold dose in women with WHO Group II anovulatory infertility failing to ovulate or conceive on clomiphene citrate
Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2008; 23(6): 1424 - 1430.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. S. Legro, H. X. Barnhart, W. D. Schlaff, B. R. Carr, M. P. Diamond, S. A. Carson, M. P. Steinkampf, C. Coutifaris, P. G. McGovern, N. A. Cataldo, et al.
Ovulatory Response to Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Is Associated with a Polymorphism in the STK11 Gene
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2008; 93(3): 792 - 800.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
S. Lie Fong, P.J. Lugtenburg, I. Schipper, A.P.N. Themmen, F.H. de Jong, P. Sonneveld, and J.S.E. Laven
Anti-mullerian hormone as a marker of ovarian function in women after chemotherapy and radiotherapy for haematological malignancies
Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2008; 23(3): 674 - 678.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
The Thessaloniki ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consens
Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2008; 23(3): 462 - 477.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
O. Valkenburg, R. P. M. Steegers-Theunissen, H. P. M. Smedts, G. M. Dallinga-Thie, B. C. J. M. Fauser, E. H. Westerveld, and J. S. E. Laven
A More Atherogenic Serum Lipoprotein Profile Is Present in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2008; 93(2): 470 - 476.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum Reprod UpdateHome page
B.C.J.M. Fauser, K. Diedrich, P. Devroey, and on behalf of the Evian Annual Reproduction (EVAR)
Predictors of ovarian response: progress towards individualized treatment in ovulation induction and ovarian stimulation
Hum. Reprod. Update, January 1, 2008; 14(1): 1 - 14.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. J. Moran, M. Noakes, P. M. Clifton, and R. J. Norman
The Use of Anti-Mullerian Hormone in Predicting Menstrual Response after Weight Loss in Overweight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2007; 92(10): 3796 - 3802.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Palomba, F. Orio Jr., A. Falbo, T. Russo, A. Tolino, and F. Zullo
Clomiphene Citrate Versus Metformin as First-Line Approach for the Treatment of Anovulation in Infertile Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2007; 92(9): 3498 - 3503.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
S. Palomba, T. Russo, F. Orio Jr, A. Falbo, F. Manguso, A. Sammartino, A. Tolino, A. Colao, E. Carmina, and F. Zullo
Uterine effects of clomiphene citrate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective controlled study
Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2006; 21(11): 2823 - 2829.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Franks
Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: In Defense of the Rotterdam Criteria
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2006; 91(3): 786 - 789.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum Reprod UpdateHome page
E.M.E.W. Heijnen, M.J.C. Eijkemans, E.G. Hughes, J.S.E. Laven, N.S. Macklon, and B.C.J.M. Fauser
A meta-analysis of outcomes of conventional IVF in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod. Update, January 1, 2006; 12(1): 13 - 21.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
M. J.C. Eijkemans, S. Polinder, A. G.M.G.J. Mulders, J. S.E. Laven, J.D. F. Habbema, and B. C.J.M. Fauser
Individualized cost-effective conventional ovulation induction treatment in normogonadotrophic anovulatory infertility (WHO group 2)
Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2005; 20(10): 2830 - 2837.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
I. E. Messinis
Ovulation induction: a mini review
Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2005; 20(10): 2688 - 2697.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
R. Homburg
Clomiphene citrate--end of an era? a mini-review
Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2005; 20(8): 2043 - 2051.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
E. J P van Santbrink, F. P Hohmann, M. J C Eijkemans, J. S E Laven, and B. C J M Fauser
Does metformin modify ovarian responsiveness during exogenous FSH ovulation induction in normogonadotrophic anovulation? A placebo-controlled double-blind assessment
Eur. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2005; 152(4): 611 - 617.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
M. van Wely, N. Bayram, F. van der Veen, and P. M.M. Bossuyt
Predictors for treatment failure after laparoscopic electrocautery of the ovaries in women with clomiphene citrate resistant polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2005; 20(4): 900 - 905.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. H. Balen, A. G. Mulders, B. C. Fauser, B. C. Schoot, M. A. Renier, P. Devroey, M. J. Struijs, and B. M. Mannaerts
Pharmacodynamics of a Single Low Dose of Long-Acting Recombinant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH-Carboxy Terminal Peptide, Corifollitropin Alfa) in Women with World Health Organization Group II Anovulatory Infertility
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2004; 89(12): 6297 - 6304.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. Cetani, E. Pardi, S. Borsari, P. Viacava, G. Dipollina, L. Cianferotti, E. Ambrogini, E. Gazzerro, G. Colussi, P. Berti, et al.
Genetic Analyses of the HRPT2 Gene in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Germline and Somatic Mutations in Familial and Sporadic Parathyroid Tumors
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2004; 89(11): 5583 - 5591.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
S. Kashyap, G. A. Wells, and Z. Rosenwaks
Insulin-sensitizing agents as primary therapy for patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2004; 19(11): 2474 - 2483.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
M. van Wely, N. Bayram, P.M.M. Bossuyt, and F. van der Veen
Laparoscopic electrocautery of the ovaries versus recombinant FSH in clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome. Impact on women's health-related quality of life
Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2004; 19(10): 2244 - 2250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
A. G.M.G.J. Mulders, J. S.E. Laven, M. J.C. Eijkemans, F. H. de Jong, A. P.N. Themmen, and B. C.J.M. Fauser
Changes in anti-Mullerian hormone serum concentrations over time suggest delayed ovarian ageing in normogonadotrophic anovulatory infertility
Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2004; 19(9): 2036 - 2042.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
M. van Wely, N. Bayram, F. van der Veen, and P.M.M. Bossuyt
An economic comparison of a laparoscopic electrocautery strategy and ovulation induction with recombinant FSH in women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2004; 19(8): 1741 - 1745.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 BMJHome page
N. Bayram, M. van Wely, E. M Kaaijk, P. M M Bossuyt, and F. van der Veen
Using an electrocautery strategy or recombinant follicle stimulating hormone to induce ovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome: randomised controlled trial
BMJ, January 24, 2004; 328(7433): 192.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
E.J.P. van Santbrink and B.C.J.M. Fauser
Is there a future for ovulation induction in the current era of assisted reproduction?
Hum. Reprod., December 1, 2003; 18(12): 2499 - 2502.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
M. J.C. Eijkemans, B. Imani, A. G.M.G.J. Mulders, J.D. F. Habbema, and B. C.J.M. Fauser
High singleton live birth rate following classical ovulation induction in normogonadotrophic anovulatory infertility (WHO 2)
Hum. Reprod., November 1, 2003; 18(11): 2357 - 2362.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
P. G. Crosignani, M. Colombo, W. Vegetti, E. Somigliana, A. Gessati, and G. Ragni
Overweight and obese anovulatory patients with polycystic ovaries: parallel improvements in anthropometric indices, ovarian physiology and fertility rate induced by diet
Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2003; 18(9): 1928 - 1932.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Gill, A. E. Taylor, K. A. Martin, C. K. Welt, J. M. Adams, and J. E. Hall
Specific Factors Predict the Response to Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Therapy in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2428 - 2436.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
P. Fedorcsak, P. O. Dale, R. Storeng, T. Tanbo, and T. Abyholm
The impact of obesity and insulin resistance on the outcome of IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2001; 16(6): 1086 - 1091.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
B. Imani, M. J. C. Eijkemans, F. H. de Jong, N. N. Payne, P. Bouchard, L. C. Giudice, and B. C. J. M. Fauser
Free Androgen Index and Leptin Are the Most Prominent Endocrine Predictors of Ovarian Response during Clomiphene Citrate Induction of Ovulation in Normogonadotropic Oligoamenorrheic Infertility
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2000; 85(2): 676 - 682.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page