| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Other Original Articles |
Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College (T.S., M.N., M.M., Y.D., M.S.M., S.M.), Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565, Japan; and Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kagoshima University School of Medicine (M.T., S.N.), Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Masamitsu Nakazato, M.D., Ph.D., Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan. E-mail: nakazato{at}post.miyazaki-med.ac.jp
Ghrelin, a novel GH-releasing peptide isolated from human and rat stomach, stimulates food intake and GH secretion. We determined plasma ghrelin concentrations in patients with simple obesity, anorexia nervosa, and type 2 diabetes mellitus by RIA. We also studied plasma ghrelin responses to glucose load and meal intake and obtained a 24-h profile of circulating ghrelin in humans.
Plasma ghrelin concentrations in patients with simple obesity and anorexia nervosa were lower and higher, respectively, than those of healthy subjects with normal body weight. Among those with type 2 diabetes mellitus, obese patients had lower and lean patients higher fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations than normal-weight patients. Fasting plasma ghrelin concentration was negatively correlated with body mass index in both nondiabetic and diabetic patients. Plasma ghrelin concentrations of normal subjects decreased significantly after oral and iv glucose administration; a similar response was also observed in diabetic patients after a meal tolerance test, reaching a nadir of 69% of the basal level after the meal. Circulating plasma ghrelin showed a diurnal pattern with preprandial increases, postprandial decreases, and a maximum peak at 0200 h. This study demonstrates that nutritional state is a determinant of plasma ghrelin in humans. Ghrelin secretion is up-regulated under conditions of negative energy balance and down-regulated in the setting of positive energy balance. These findings suggest the involvement of ghrelin in the regulation of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis.
This study was supported in part by grants-in-aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan; the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan; the NOVARTIS Foundation (Japan) for the Promotion of Science; the Society of Molecular Mechanism of the Digestive Tract; Mitsui Life Foundation; and The Foundation for Growth Science (to M.N.).
Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; GPCR, G protein-coupled cell surface receptor.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  C. Maier, M. Riedl, G. Vila, P. Nowotny, M. Wolzt, M. Clodi, B. Ludvik, and A. Luger Cholinergic Regulation of Ghrelin and Peptide YY Release May Be Impaired in Obesity Diabetes, September 1, 2008; 57(9): 2332 - 2340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S Mondal, K. Toshinai, H. Ueno, K. Koshinaka, and M. Nakazato Characterization of obestatin in rat and human stomach and plasma, and its lack of acute effect on feeding behavior in rodents J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2008; 198(2): 339 - 346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Xu, B. Sook Jhun, C. Hoon Ha, and Z.-G. Jin Molecular Mechanisms of Ghrelin-Mediated Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation Endocrinology, August 1, 2008; 149(8): 4183 - 4192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Geliebter, C. N. Ochner, and R. Aviram-Friedman Appetite-Related Gut Peptides in Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, July 1, 2008; 2(4): 305 - 314. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K Scrimgeour, M J Gresham, L R Giles, P C Thomson, P C Wynn, and R E Newman Ghrelin secretion is more closely aligned to energy balance than with feeding behaviour in the grower pig J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2008; 198(1): 135 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Dossus, J. D. McKay, F. Canzian, S. Wilkening, S. Rinaldi, C. Biessy, A. Olsen, A. Tjonneland, M. U. Jakobsen, K. Overvad, et al. Polymorphisms of genes coding for ghrelin and its receptor in relation to anthropometry, circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and breast cancer risk: a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Carcinogenesis, July 1, 2008; 29(7): 1360 - 1366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Mager, M. Kolehmainen, V. D F de Mello, U. Schwab, D. E Laaksonen, R. Rauramaa, H. Gylling, M. Atalay, L. Pulkkinen, and M. Uusitupa Expression of ghrelin gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma ghrelin concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome. Eur. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2008; 158(4): 499 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. M Barber, F. F Casanueva, F. Karpe, M. Lage, S. Franks, M. I McCarthy, and J. A H Wass Ghrelin levels are suppressed and show a blunted response to oral glucose in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2008; 158(4): 511 - 516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Diez, J. L. Miguel, R. Codoceo, P. Iglesias, M. A. Bajo, C. Sanchez, G. del Peso, F. Gil, J. Martinez-Ara, P. G. Gancedo, et al. Effects of cinacalcet on gastrointestinal hormone release in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing dialysis Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2008; 23(4): 1387 - 1395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Smeets, S. Soenen, N. D. Luscombe-Marsh, O. Ueland, and M. S. Westerterp-Plantenga Energy Expenditure, Satiety, and Plasma Ghrelin, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, and Peptide Tyrosine-Tyrosine Concentrations following a Single High-Protein Lunch J. Nutr., April 1, 2008; 138(4): 698 - 702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Roche, A. J. Sheahan, L. M. Chagas, and R. C. Boston Short Communication: Change in Plasma Ghrelin in Dairy Cows Following an Intravenous Glucose Challenge J Dairy Sci, March 1, 2008; 91(3): 1005 - 1010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Frecka and R. D. Mattes Possible entrainment of ghrelin to habitual meal patterns in humans Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): G699 - G707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Chiesa, J. F. Osborn, C. Haass, F. Natale, M. Spinelli, E. Scapillati, A. Spinelli, and L. Pacifico Ghrelin, Leptin, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and Insulin Concentrations at Birth: Is There a Relationship with Fetal Growth and Neonatal Anthropometry? Clin. Chem., March 1, 2008; 54(3): 550 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Lanyi, A. Varnagy, K. A Kovacs, T. Csermely, M. Szasz, and I. Szabo Ghrelin and acyl ghrelin in preterm infants and maternal blood: relationship with endocrine and anthropometric measures Eur. J. Endocrinol., January 1, 2008; 158(1): 27 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Alonso, M. L. Granada, I. Salinas, J. L. Reverter, L. Flores, I. Ojanguren, E. M. Martinez-Caceres, and A. Sanmarti Plasma ghrelin concentrations in type 1 diabetic patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis Eur. J. Endocrinol., December 1, 2007; 157(6): 763 - 769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. J Little, M. Horowitz, and C. Feinle-Bisset Modulation by high-fat diets of gastrointestinal function and hormones associated with the regulation of energy intake: implications for the pathophysiology of obesity Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2007; 86(3): 531 - 541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Takahashi, Y. Kurose, M. Sakaida, Y. Suzuki, S. Kobayashi, T. Sugino, M. Kojima, K. Kangawa, Y. Hasegawa, and Y. Terashima Ghrelin differentially modulates glucose-induced insulin secretion according to feeding status in sheep J. Endocrinol., September 1, 2007; 194(3): 621 - 625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ando, Y. Ichimaru, F. Konjiki, M. Shoji, and G. Komaki Variations in the preproghrelin gene correlate with higher body mass index, fat mass, and body dissatisfaction in young Japanese women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2007; 86(1): 25 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. R. Broom, D. J. Stensel, N. C. Bishop, S. F. Burns, and M. Miyashita Exercise-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin in humans J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2007; 102(6): 2165 - 2171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z.-F. Guo, X. Zheng, Y.-W. Qin, J.-Q. Hu, S.-P. Chen, and Z. Zhang Circulating Preprandial Ghrelin to Obestatin Ratio Is Increased in Human Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2007; 92(5): 1875 - 1880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. De Vriese, M. Hacquebard, F. Gregoire, Y. Carpentier, and C. Delporte Ghrelin Interacts with Human Plasma Lipoproteins Endocrinology, May 1, 2007; 148(5): 2355 - 2362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. P. Hauffa, K. Haase, I. M. Range, N. Unger, K. Mann, and S. Petersenn The Effect of Growth Hormone on the Response of Total and Acylated Ghrelin to a Standardized Oral Glucose Load and Insulin Resistance in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2007; 92(3): 834 - 840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. G. Haider, K. Schindler, G. Prager, A. Bohdjalian, A. Luger, M. Wolzt, and B. Ludvik Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Is Reduced after Weight Loss in Morbidly Obese Subjects J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2007; 92(3): 1168 - 1171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Clerc, M. G. Coll Constans, H. Lulka, S. Broussaud, C. Guigne, S. Leung-Theung-Long, C. Perrin, C. Knauf, C. Carpene, L. Penicaud, et al. Involvement of Cholecystokinin 2 Receptor in Food Intake Regulation: Hyperphagia and Increased Fat Deposition in Cholecystokinin 2 Receptor-Deficient Mice Endocrinology, March 1, 2007; 148(3): 1039 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Iantorno, H. Chen, J.-a Kim, M. Tesauro, D. Lauro, C. Cardillo, and M. J. Quon Ghrelin has novel vascular actions that mimic PI 3-kinase-dependent actions of insulin to stimulate production of NO from endothelial cells Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2007; 292(3): E756 - E764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Luque, Z. H. Huang, B. Shah, T. Mazzone, and R. D. Kineman Effects of leptin replacement on hypothalamic-pituitary growth hormone axis function and circulating ghrelin levels in ob/ob mice Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2007; 292(3): E891 - E899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S Bang, S. G Soule, T. G Yandle, A M. Richards, and C. J Pemberton Characterisation of proghrelin peptides in mammalian tissue and plasma J. Endocrinol., February 1, 2007; 192(2): 313 - 323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Chung, E. Kim, D. H. Lee, S. Seo, S. Ju, D. Lee, H. Kim, and S. Park Ghrelin Inhibits Apoptosis in Hypothalamic Neuronal Cells during Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Endocrinology, January 1, 2007; 148(1): 148 - 159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Dezaki, H. Sone, M. Koizumi, M. Nakata, M. Kakei, H. Nagai, H. Hosoda, K. Kangawa, and T. Yada Blockade of Pancreatic Islet-Derived Ghrelin Enhances Insulin Secretion to Prevent High-Fat Diet-Induced Glucose Intolerance Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(12): 3486 - 3493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. E. Wertz-Lutz, T. J. Knight, R. H. Pritchard, J. A. Daniel, J. A. Clapper, A. J. Smart, A. Trenkle, and D. C. Beitz Circulating ghrelin concentrations fluctuate relative to nutritional status and influence feeding behavior in cattle J Anim Sci, December 1, 2006; 84(12): 3285 - 3300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Naslund and J. G. Kral Impact of Gastric Bypass Surgery on Gut Hormones and Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(Supplement_2): S92 - S97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. P Lee, T. A Mori, S. Sipsas, A. Barden, I. B Puddey, V. Burke, R. S Hall, and J. M Hodgson Lupin-enriched bread increases satiety and reduces energy intake acutely. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2006; 84(5): 975 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Marzullo, A. Caumo, G. Savia, B. Verti, G. E. Walker, S. Maestrini, A. Tagliaferri, A. M. Di Blasio, and A. Liuzzi Predictors of Postabsorptive Ghrelin Secretion after Intake of Different Macronutrients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2006; 91(10): 4124 - 4130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Otto, W. Heldwein, C. Otto, S. Huptas, and K. G Parhofer Effect of a high-fat meal on the postprandial ghrelin response. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2006; 84(3): 664 - 665. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Levin, T. Edholm, P. T. Schmidt, P. Gryback, H. Jacobsson, M. Degerblad, C. Hoybye, J. J. Holst, J. F. Rehfeld, P. M. Hellstrom, et al. Ghrelin Stimulates Gastric Emptying and Hunger in Normal-Weight Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3296 - 3302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Little, S. Doran, J. H. Meyer, A. J. P. M. Smout, D. G. O'Donovan, K.-L. Wu, K. L. Jones, J. Wishart, C. K. Rayner, M. Horowitz, et al. The release of GLP-1 and ghrelin, but not GIP and CCK, by glucose is dependent upon the length of small intestine exposed Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2006; 291(3): E647 - E655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. P. Zorrilla, S. Iwasaki, J. A. Moss, J. Chang, J. Otsuji, K. Inoue, M. M. Meijler, and K. D. Janda From the Cover: Vaccination against weight gain PNAS, August 29, 2006; 103(35): 13226 - 13231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Bowen, M. Noakes, and P. M. Clifton Appetite Regulatory Hormone Responses to Various Dietary Proteins Differ by Body Mass Index Status Despite Similar Reductions in ad Libitum Energy Intake J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2006; 91(8): 2913 - 2919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D.-Y. Lee, S.-Y. Kim, D.-S. Jo, P. H. Hwang, K. P. Kang, S. Lee, W. Kim, and S. K. Park Preproghrelin Leu72Met polymorphism predicts a lower rate of developing renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Eur. J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 155(1): 187 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Damjanovic, N. M. Lalic, P. M. Pesko, M. S. Petakov, A. Jotic, D. Miljic, K. S. Lalic, L. Lukic, M. Djurovic, and V. B. Djukic Acute Effects of Ghrelin on Insulin Secretion and Glucose Disposal Rate in Gastrectomized Patients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 2574 - 2581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Gordon and K. H. McKeever Oral and intravenous carbohydrate challenges decrease active ghrelin concentrations and alter hormones related to control of energy metabolism in horses J Anim Sci, July 1, 2006; 84(7): 1682 - 1690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Dong, T. L. Peeters, B. De Smet, D. Moechars, C. Delporte, P. Vanden Berghe, B. Coulie, M. Tang, and I. Depoortere Role of Endogenous Ghrelin in the Hyperphagia of Mice with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Endocrinology, June 1, 2006; 147(6): 2634 - 2642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Luque and R. D. Kineman Impact of Obesity on the Growth Hormone Axis: Evidence for a Direct Inhibitory Effect of Hyperinsulinemia on Pituitary Function Endocrinology, June 1, 2006; 147(6): 2754 - 2763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C Gormsen, J. Gjedsted, S. Gjedde, E. T. Vestergaard, J. S Christiansen, J. O. Jorgensen, S. Nielsen, and N. Moller Free fatty acids decrease circulating ghrelin concentrations in humans. Eur. J. Endocrinol., May 1, 2006; 154(5): 667 - 673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Mingrone, L. Granato, E. Valera-Mora, A. Iaconelli, M. F Calvani, R. Bracaglia, M. Manco, G. Nanni, and M. Castagneto Ultradian ghrelin pulsatility is disrupted in morbidly obese subjects after weight loss induced by malabsorptive bariatric surgery Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2006; 83(5): 1017 - 1024. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bellone, R. Baldelli, G. Radetti, A. Rapa, D. Vivenza, A. Petri, S. Savastio, M. Zaffaroni, F. Broglio, E. Ghigo, et al. Ghrelin Secretion in Preterm Neonates Progressively Increases and Is Refractory to the Inhibitory Effect of Food Intake J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2006; 91(5): 1929 - 1933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H Takahashi, Y Kurose, S Kobayashi, T Sugino, M Kojima, K Kangawa, Y Hasegawa, and Y Terashima Ghrelin enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion in scheduled meal-fed sheep. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2006; 189(1): 67 - 75. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Bowen, M. Noakes, C. Trenerry, and P. M. Clifton Energy Intake, Ghrelin, and Cholecystokinin after Different Carbohydrate and Protein Preloads in Overweight Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2006; 91(4): 1477 - 1483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. R Christ, M. Zehnder, C. Boesch, R. Trepp, P. E Mullis, P. Diem, and J. Decombaz The effect of increased lipid intake on hormonal responses during aerobic exercise in endurance-trained men. Eur. J. Endocrinol., March 1, 2006; 154(3): 397 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Romon, S. Gomila, P. Hincker, B. Soudan, and J. Dallongeville Influence of Weight Loss on Plasma Ghrelin Responses to High-Fat and High-Carbohydrate Test Meals in Obese Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2006; 91(3): 1034 - 1041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. A. Blom, A. Lluch, A. Stafleu, S. Vinoy, J. J Holst, G. Schaafsma, and H. F. Hendriks Effect of a high-protein breakfast on the postprandial ghrelin response Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2006; 83(2): 211 - 220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Griffen, K. Oostema, K. L. Stanhope, J. Graham, D. M. Styne, N. Glaser, D. E. Cummings, M. H. Connors, and P. J. Havel Administration of Lispro Insulin with Meals Improves Glycemic Control, Increases Circulating Leptin, and Suppresses Ghrelin, Compared with Regular/NPH Insulin in Female Patients with Type 1 Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2006; 91(2): 485 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. A. M. Blom, A. Lluch, S. Vinoy, A. Stafleu, R. van den Berg, J. J. Holst, F. J. Kok, and H. F. J. Hendriks Effects of gastric emptying on the postprandial ghrelin response Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 2006; 290(2): E389 - E395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Doi, T. Shono, M. Nishi, H. Furuta, H. Sasaki, and K. Nanjo IA-2beta, but not IA-2, is induced by ghrelin and inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion PNAS, January 24, 2006; 103(4): 885 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Kleinz, J. J. Maguire, J. N. Skepper, and A. P. Davenport Functional and immunocytochemical evidence for a role of ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin in the regulation of vascular tone in man Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2006; 69(1): 227 - 235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Langenberg, J. Bergstrom, G. A. Laughlin, and E. Barrett-Connor Ghrelin and the Metabolic Syndrome in Older Adults J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2005; 90(12): 6448 - 6453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
